Hunger and cold loom as shutdown imperils funding for antipoverty programs

Visitors to the Greater Pittsburgh Community Food Bank, where calls for assistance have doubled, in Duquesne, Pa., Oct. 23, 2025. Within days, tens of millions of low-income Americans may lose assistance for food, child care and utilities if the federal government remains shut down. (Jeff Swensen/The New York Times)

By LINDA QIU and EILEEN SULLIVAN

For Hannah Mann, a mother of three who lives in Merchantville, New Jersey, the government shutdown is not an abstract political fight.

Her family relies on federal food subsidies for groceries, including specialty formula for her newborn, who was born five weeks early, as well as a program that helps alleviate the cost of utility bills for low-income Americans. Those initiatives could run out of federal funding in days.

“These are expenses that we cannot cover,” Mann said. The preemie formula alone is $50 a can. She said she was trying to eat more so she could produce more breast milk, but without food subsidies, that will be difficult as soon as next week. “It’s like a domino effect,” she said.

As the shutdown nears the one-month mark, the lapse in federal funding is a looming crisis for vulnerable Americans who depend on government assistance for basic needs such as groceries and heating.

For 42 million people who rely on the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, also known as food stamps, it means the loss of grocery assistance when food banks are already stretched thin. For the 6.7 million women and children who participate in the Women, Infants and Children nutrition program, there is uncertainty about whether the Trump administration will find stopgap funds to keep the program going after this week.

For nearly 6 million households that rely on a program that helps low-income Americans pay for energy costs, it means facing expensive heating bills and the possibility of utility shut-offs in the winter. And for many of the more than 65,000 children and families enrolled in 140 Head Start early-education programs across the country that depend on immediate federal funding, it means finding new child care options as early as next week.

“What we’re doing is layering these losses on the most vulnerable in our society,” said Laura Justice, an expert in early-childhood cognitive development at Ohio State University. “These are families who, because they live in lower-income households, they’re already dealing with exacerbated stress in their daily lives.”

The mounting effects on the poorest Americans come as President Donald Trump has used unorthodox methods to cover the salaries of active-duty military and federal law enforcement officials during the shutdown. While the administration dipped into customs revenue to fund WIC through October, officials said Friday that they could not legally use existing contingency funding for SNAP.

Some families that send their children to Head Start programs are already scrambling for backup. The funding lapse is set to first hit 140 Head Start programs that do not have money beyond October, said Tommy Sheridan, the deputy director of the National Head Start Association. (There are 3,300 Head Start programs nationally, and the majority are able to continue operating for now because they receive funding at different times during the year.)

In Tallahassee, Florida, the Head Start program at the Capital Area Community Action Agency warned parents Oct. 17 that they would need to find child care alternatives by Oct. 27 because the school was out of funds. The staff worked for free last week to give families time to make other plans.

Quintina Chukes, a social worker, said she had no idea what she was going to do with her 5-year-old daughter, Jayla, who she said has thrived in the program.

“She’s learning now,” Chukes, a single mother of four, including two young children, said of her daughter. “When I pick her up, she’s singing in the car.”

The program got a temporary reprieve thanks to an infusion of public and private funds the school was able to cobble together, said Nina Self, the interim chief executive officer of the Capital Area Community Action Agency, which includes the Head Start program. As of Tuesday, it will reopen — but it is not clear how many weeks it will last without federal funding, she said.

“Let’s just get our Congress moving so we can get back to business,” Self said.

Low-income older Americans are also facing shutdown-related challenges.

About 6.5 million low-income adults age 60 and older rely on SNAP. And the layoffs of federal employees this year have made it even harder for them to get through to a service representative at the Social Security Administration, said Cynthia Walker, the benefits coordinator for Benjamin Rose, a Cleveland-based nonprofit that assists aging adults. Many are in need of help with benefit verification, which service centers stopped doing when the funding lapsed. Without these documents, seniors can be at risk of losing housing subsidies.

And as the weather turns colder, millions of families may not be able to count on the federal heating subsidy program to heat their homes. The Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program offsets the cost of high utility bills for low-income households. About 20 states are relying on leftover funding from the last fiscal year to sign up eligible households for heating assistance for the winter. But at least two, Utah and Wyoming, have already warned residents that they are no longer accepting new applications.

While states typically begin distributing heating assistance in November or December, that is unlikely to happen this year even if the shutdown ends before the end of the month. The federal office that distributes the money has been hit with broad staff cuts as a result of Trump’s downsizing of the federal workforce, said Mark Wolfe, the executive director of the National Energy Assistance Directors Association, which works with states to secure funding from the program.

“This program is essential, but what happens now?” Wolfe said. “It’s not just the shutdown, but you’re learning in real time what happens when you eviscerate the federal bureaucracy.”

Many antipoverty programs, including WIC, were already in the cross hairs of Republicans in Washington before the shutdown began. Trump’s expansive domestic policy law that passed this summer cut SNAP funding by $186 billion over the next decade, in part by tightening eligibility and reducing benefits. Trump’s budget request, released in May, called for eliminating all funding for the home energy program and cutting more than $1 billion from WIC.

Food banks across the country, which were already reporting an increase in need, are now bracing for a surge in demand as states have warned about the looming funding shortfall for SNAP and other programs.

A handful of states have announced some sort of temporary reprieve. California said it would deploy its National Guard to support food distribution and provide $80 million to local food banks. Virginia declared a state of emergency, allowing it to use state funds to provide SNAP benefits for residents.

But the shutdown is already affecting benefits and application processing in many other states.

At least two, Pennsylvania and West Virginia, have said they cannot provide SNAP benefits to residents who were approved after Oct. 15.

DoorDash, the app-based food delivery company, said it would deliver 1 million free meals through food banks and waive fees for 300,000 grocery orders made by SNAP recipients.

Mann, the mother of three in South Jersey, said she and her husband, who has been out of work for a year, were turning to gig work to help pay some bills — taking seasonal shifts at an Amazon warehouse and cleaning houses. Her family faces losing $900 a month in benefits if Congress does not agree on a funding plan, and additional resources in her community already appear overburdened.

“Republicans have been working for, what, two weeks out of the last three months?” Mann said. “You guys are not working while we’re literally down here fighting over scraps.”